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death in Pompeii

In 79 AD, an eruption of Vesuvius Vulcan completely devastated the Roman town of Pompeii. Hundreds of people died as a result, leaving behind a village destroyed and covered with ashes.

seems that until now there was some controversy about what exactly were the causes of death, especially taking into account the positions where the victims were found.

image: Vesuvius Pompeii ruins (wikipedia)

All the bodies were covered with ash. Some were kept in positions that seem frozen images of normal life, some sleeping and others in positions that indicate a struggle of agony.

The explosion of a volcano, the eruption is accompanied by a mixture of gas, ash and rocks scattered around the mountain at high speed. It is this mixture that we must seek the reason for the deaths and so peculiar posture in which the bodies were. Among the possible causes of death include asphyxiation from lack of oxygen in the smoke, a possible high pressure wave with enough power to destroy buildings or toxic gases that carry a slow death.

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Mastrolorenzo An alternative offer, Pierpaolo Petrone, Lucia Pappalardo and Fabio Guarino in its publication Thermal Lethal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges: Evidences at Pompeii. They conclude that probably the inhabitants of Pompeii were killed by high temperatures between 250 ° C and 300 ° C with an exposure time of only a few minutes. So possibly they were surprised by the avalanche hot ashes without time to seek shelter or, or even to change positions.

This explanation is consistent with the positions of the bodies (see image at right, credit: PLoS ONE). The force of the avalanche was not enough to break their bodies, then excluding that possibility. Choking is a slow process, as is death by poisoning, which causes conflict with the positions that look like statues found capturing movement. Exposure of a human body relativamenta high temperatures, on the other hand, explain why human remains are in such good condition.

And so the killings are cleared in Pompeii.

Mastrolorenzo, G., Petrone, P., Pappalardo, L., & Guarino, F. (2010). Thermal Lethal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges: Evidences at Pompeii PLoS ONE, 5 (6) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011127

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Bose Einstein condensate in freefall

In principle, there is no researcher would happen to pull one of their tools down. Normally scientists are careful experiments are their instruments and apparatus. And because these are usually very sensitive and expensive. However, from the tip of a tall tower dropped a tool that is usually fixed in a laboratory and used to generate Bose Einstein condensates. I dropped 146 meters.

A Bose Einstein condensate is a state of matter in which all atoms have the same energy to a very low temperature. This gas is so cold that all the atoms act as a single particle. This state of matter can only be explained with the help of quantum mechanics and has no analogue in classical physics. However, generating this state of matter is quite complicated. In this particular case, scientists used about Theodor Hänsch of rubidium atoms and cool a gas got done for the atoms to less than -273 ° C, very close to zero temperature absoute. After 10,000 atoms trapped in a magnetic field with the help of lasers. Just these atoms form a Bose Einstein condensate. In comparison, an empty cup contains 10 ²¹ air particles, 1 with 21 zeros. In other words, many more.

be bothered to adapt the instrument to be able to throw almost 150 meters so you can observe the effect of weightlessness on the atoms. In a laboratory near the machine always influences the severity measure. In free fall, however, the atoms do not feel the gravitational field. Since the instrument in the laboratory was rather cumbersome, scientists had to minimize it over: vacuum chamber in which there is Bose Einstein condensate with necessary pumps, lasers, electronics and batteries, etc.. Now everything fits into a cylinder of two meters and a diameter of 80 cm. In the chart below you see the tower and capsule:

image: Science

There is also a video of one of the fall of the capsule. At the end comes in a container filled with plastic balls to soften the impact. This braking slows the capsule with an equivalent of 50 times the earth's gravitational acceleration.

Although the results presented in the publication are nothing revolutionary, the experiment looks promising. Testing the effects of gravity on quantum systems such as Bose Einstein condensate can clarify the boundary that still exists between the mechanical quantum theory and general relativity the .

More: Humboldt University of Berlin and

Tv Zoest, N. Gaaloul, Y. Singh, H. Ahlers, W. Herr, ST Seidel, W. Ertmer, E. Rasel, M. Eckart, E. Kajari, S. Arnold, G. Nandi, WP Schleich, R. Walser, A. Vogel, K. Sengstock, K. Bongs, W. Lewoczko-Adamczyk, M. Schiemangk, T. Schuldt, A. Peters, T. Könemann, H. Munting, C. Lämmerzahl, H. Dittus, T. Steinmetz, TW Hänsch, J. Reichel, Bose-Einstein Condensation in Microgravity , Science, June 18, 2010

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the map of life

For readers want more information on the entrance of the artificial cell on the website of El Mundo is an interesting special on the genome called "life map." The tenth anniversary of sequencing the human genome is the origin of this article contains graphic images and interesting background information.

Here: http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/genoma/index.html

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Kepler exoplanets

many planets are there? So far we have identified a number of extrasolar planets, called exoplanets, planets beyond our solar system. The account of early June 2010 is 461 as per page exoplanet.eu web. But this has increased dramatically on June 14, when NASA announced the first results of the Kepler space telescope. They identified 706 new candidates. And that will include data from the first 43 days of observation. As you can see, this number is quite larger than all the planets that have been found over the past 15 years since the first was found in 1995.

Kepler telescope and observation area (field of view). Credit: NASA / JPL

The Kepler telescope is similar to the Hubble telescope, floating outside the Earth's atmosphere offers a splendid view to the stars. The advantage is that there are no clouds or bad weather or atmospheric disturbances. Exoplanet candidates detected by measuring the brightness of stars. If the light is changing periodically, possibly there are planets circling the star, taking some of the light reaching the telescope when passing in front of the star.

light curves of transit (transit light curves), when a planet passes in front of a star, the brightness (flux) decreases. Credit: NASA / Kepler Mission

The Kepler aims at all times to a region in the same constellation, Cygnus, Lyra, and has the ability to change their area of \u200b\u200bobservation. But there are many stars in that constellation to be busy for a long time.

The ultimate goal is to find habitable exoplanets. For that several conditions must be met. The star has to be similar to the Sun, the exoplanet of similar size to Earth and must be a planet-star distance similar to that between the Sun and Earth. Only then can we ensure that there is water, the basis of all life as we know it.

The Kepler telescope will be measuring at least 3 ½ years, if not more. Much time to find many more exoplanets. Perhaps some like Earth, and therefore with the potential to harbor life.

More information: NASA Kepler mission and site

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a couple of weeks ago, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Intitute issued instructions to synthesize what they called an artificial cell after fifteen years of work.

not really the whole cell was created in his laboratory. We used an existing cell in which it implemented a new genome (the DNA coding for important information about the cell). Then the cell with the artificial genome was reproduced by fragmentation, creating exact copies of itself and of its genetic code. Scientists designed the genome in a computer, produced chemically in the lab and transplanted into a host cell to produce a new cell autorreplicatoria controlled by the new synthetic genome. Cell

While that was grafted artificial genome of Mycoplasma capricolum type, the cell from which the genome is from a different type ( Mycoplasma mycoides ). So we used a cell type as a guest for a completely different genome, which was also altered with the help of a computer. The first step was to achieve the decoding of the genome. Later modified this code and synthesized the genome again from the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. This product is artificially synthesized that introduced into the host cell, resulting in the first cell that has a genome made entirely in a laboratory.

More than a decade scientists need to invent all the technology and instruments necessary for the creation of something that could be seen as the first step toward artificial life.

As an additional feature in the new genome not only encode the information necessary for the cell, but also included in the genetic code names of persons who worked on the project, an e-mail address and three dates. One of these appointments, Richard Feynman, said: What I Can not build, I Can not Understand . What I can not create, I can not understand.

Here you can watch a video of the press conference announcing the artificial cell (with English subtitles):

can also find more information on the page lab web.